Human Rights and Internet Protocols – Shared Values

Human Rights and Internet Protocols – Shared Values By Joy Liddicoat, Project Coordinator, Internet Rights are Human Rights, Association For Progressive Communications (APC). (Editor’s note: This is one several contributions to GVA by civil society participants at this week’s Internet Governance Forum (IGF) in Nairobi, Kenya.) As a young lawyer fresh out of law school working for victims of domestic violence, I quickly learned that protecting human rights and upholding the rule of law did not rest on the lofty aspirations and legal ideals of my jurisprudence lecturers. “Why did I bother with all this?” one client asked me “when my ex just ignores this and harasses me anyway and the cops are sick of coming when I call?” I learned an important lesson: law draws moral authority from the wider social context in which it operates and by whether it works in practice.  I got involved in the women’s human rights movement to advocate for law reform and human rights.

iHub Nairobi. Flickr photo by zulusafari.

I heard my client’s voice and recalled this lesson again yesterday as I sat a workshop on Internet Governance Principles on Day 2 of the IGF. The foundations of the IGF, as a United Nations mandated forum, are firmly grounded in human rights. But the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not a legally binding document. Its moral authority lies not in its lofty ideals and aspirational statements, but by the affirmation of it by all governments that are United Nations Member States.

While access and development have been high on the agenda at the 6^th IGF, there has also been a lot of talk about rights, principles and internet governance. Reflecting on my own experience in the .nz [New Zealand] ccTLD [country code top-level domain] space it came to me: Human rights are as fundamental to internet governance as internet protocols are to the Domain Name System (DNS).

As a person new to the DNS and TCP/IP (the networking protocols on which the Internet is based) I took a naïve and legalistic approach: I turned to some core Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) documents, in particular, RFC 1591 on the Domain Name System Structure and Delegation (1994), to see how these were developed and what I could learn.  I was immediately struck by the way in which human rights and democratic values were clearly baked in to the internet. RFC development, for instance, seemed to be infused with a kind of principled pragmatism so that, for example, they would only be adopted when there was a rough consensus to do so.

Then, when I looked at the actual wording of RFC 1591 the human rights aspects seemed compelling: there were clear concepts of public good and trusteeship. Administrators, for example, were said to be “performing a public service on behalf of the Internet community”.  The designated manager was referred to as “the trustee of the top-level domain for both the nation, in the case of a country code, and the global Internet community.”

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